(See Section 2b below, for more on fallibilism.) This method is closely connected to the so-called “pragmatic maxim,” different versions of which were formulated by Peirce and James in their attempts to clarify the meaning of abstract concepts or ideas. Pragmatism, school of philosophy, dominant in the United States in the first quarter of the 20th century, based on the principle that the usefulness, workability, and practicality of ideas, policies, and proposals are the criteria of their merit. Coming up with creative ideas and great solutions requires people working together, not aside of each other. Pragmatism is the Theory that the intelligence function is not to know to find, but to know to act. This idea is a potent and reassuring one, but it is apt to mislead. Though this idea is powerfully present in James, it is also prominent in later pragmatism. ), The final member of the classical pragmatist triumvirate is John Dewey (1859-1952), who had been a graduate student at Johns Hopkins during Peirce’s brief tenure there. Schiller (1864-1937), a self-described Protagorean and “humanist”; Giovanni Papini (1881-1956), leader of a cell of Italian pragmatists; and two of James’s younger Harvard colleagues, the absolute idealist Josiah Royce (1855-1916) and the poetic naturalist George Santayana (1864-1952), both of whom challenged pragmatism while being influenced by it. Here are just four: (1) How is this mysterious relation called “correspondence” to be understood or explicated? This is not to say that pragmatists became an extinct species; C. I. Lewis (1883-1964) and Sidney Hook (1902-1989), for instance, remained prominent and productive. James followed Peirce with his first philosophical essay, “Remarks on Spencer’s Definition of Mind as Correspondence,” (1878). For we cannot know whether our beliefs are correspondence-true: if the “Given” is a myth, we cannot justify theories by comparing them with an unconceptualized reality. Here, then, are some themes and theses to which many pragmatists have been attached. The term “pragmatism” was first used in print to designate a philosophical outlook about a century ago when William James (1842-1910) pressed the word into service during an 1898 address entitled “Philosophical Conceptions and Practical Results,” delivered at the University of California (Berkeley). And so it was that Deweyans were undone by the very force that had sustained them, namely, the progressive professionalization of philosophy as a specialized academic discipline. Instead of trying to survey the world sub specie aeternitatis, Deweyan philosophers are content to keep their feet planted on terra firma and address “the problems of men.”. We can also understand that an idea is true only if it is useful, which may mean that any idea (theory) is born of a practice, that is to say that abstract represent… Jane Addamsepitomises this quest, typical of many women pragmatists, for a life in the “real world” wherein pragmatist insights can be gained and fed into theory production. As Dewey emphasized, the utility of a theory is a matter of its problem-solving power; pragmatic coping must not be equated with what delivers emotional consolation or subjective comfort. 1950), Cornel West (b. Email: dmcdermi@trentu.ca 1945), Robert Brandom (b. From the pragmatist standpoint this is just one more lamentable incarnation of what Dewey dubbed “the spectator theory of knowledge.” According to spectator theorists (who range from Plato to modern empiricists), knowing is akin to seeing or beholding. As this difference of opinion suggests, pragmatists do not vote en bloc. Many pragmatists acknowledge that trace amounts of GE contamination can be present in organic crops but argue that those are unlikely to harm people, livestock, or the environment. For there is no pragmatist creed; that is, no neat list of articles or essential tenets endorsed by all pragmatists and only by pragmatists. Since experience is simply “given” to the mind from without, it can justify one’s basic beliefs (that is, beliefs that are justified but whose justification does not derive from any other beliefs). They should determine their goals according to their needs and interests. This amounts to a rejection of Locke’s suggestion that the mind is a blank slate, that is, a purely receptive and patient tabula rasa. Our categories and theories are indeed our creations; they reflect our peculiar constitution and history, and are not simply read off from the world. Pragmatists typically think, for instance, that Kant was right to say that the world must be interpreted with the aid of a scheme of basic categories; but, they add, he was dead wrong to suggest that this framework is somehow sacrosanct, immutable, or necessary. Formidable Opponent - Pragmatism or Idealism: Idealist Stephen and the pragmatist Stephen attempt a compromise on how best to deal with cats and dogs.. Take idealism vs. pragmatism. Learn more. Nevertheless, it is possible to identify certain ideas that have loomed large in the pragmatist tradition—though that is not to say that these ideas are the exclusive property of pragmatists, nor that they are endorsed by all pragmatists. Treatments will be found to ameliorate it. If we want to find out how things really are, we are counseled by somber common-sense to open our eyes (literally as well as figuratively) and take a gander at the world; facts accessible to observation will then impress themselves on us, forcing their way into our minds whether we are prepared to extend them a hearty welcome or not. Sellars, Rorty, Davidson, Putnam, and Goodman are perhaps the best-known pragmatist opponents of this foundationalist picture. In philosophy, pragmatism is a school of thought that starts from the insight that words are tools. Pragmatism originated in the United States around 1870, and now presents a growing third alternative to both analytic and Continental philosophical traditions worldwide. The minds against pragmatism are commonly the conservative ones and they stick firm in these factors : religion based beliefs , concepts, teachings, especially about the sacredness of life from conception to the natural’flat line’, ,,,, economic considerations ; beliefs that the more the merrier or large population is economically advantageous More generally, pragmatists from Peirce to Rorty have been suspicious of foundationalist theories of justification according to which empirical knowledge ultimately rests on an epistemically privileged basis—that is, on a class of foundational beliefs which justify or support all other beliefs but which depend on no other beliefs for their justification. 1922), Israel Scheffler (b. The center is staffed and provides answers on Sundays through Thursdays between 07:00 and 14:00 and Fridays only handles distribution requests between 7:00 and While such diversity may seem commendably in keeping with pragmatism’s professed commitment to pluralism, detractors have urged it only goes to show that pragmatism stands for little or nothing in particular. How do pragmatists avoid this modal argument against their view of truth? (2) According to Peirce, true opinions are those which inquirers will accept at the end of inquiry (that is, views on which we could not improve, no matter how far inquiry on that subject is pressed or pushed). Philosophy A movement consisting of varying but associated theories, originally developed by Charles S. Peirce and William James and distinguished by the doctrine that the meaning or truth value of an idea or a proposition lies in its observable practical consequences. Fallibilism, it is said, is the only sane alternative to a cocksure dogmatism, and to the fanaticism, intolerance, and violence to which such dogmatism can all too easily lead. Viewed 219 times 2. Pragmatism may be presented as a way of clarifying (and in some cases dissolving) intractable metaphysical and epistemological disputes. The pragmatists are of the opinion that the children should-not be asked to work according to predetermined goals. (2) The correspondence theory makes a mystery of our practices of verification and inquiry. It also contrasts with thornier issues, such as pension reform, which pit pragmatists against idealists within his political base. 1932), Stephen Stich (b. Classical pragmatists are denominated as forerunners of progressivism despite having little in common with progressives. But this venerable view is vague and beset with problems, say pragmatists. To the extent that a theory functions or “works” practically in this way, it makes sense to keep using it—though we must always allow for the possibility that it will eventually have to be replaced by some theory that works even better. E-mail: subs@jpost.com, David Elhayani (photo credit: FANI ELIMELECH), YESHA Council’s chief foreign envoy Oded Revivi (photo credit: COURTESY YESHA COUNCIL), Samaria Regional Council head Yossi Dagan at a protest rally on the ruins of the former Sa-Nur settlement. However, despite Quine’s qualified enthusiasm for parts of that legacy—an enthusiasm shared in varying degrees by Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951), Rudolf Carnap (1891-1970), Hans Reichenbach (1891-1953), Karl Popper (1902-1994), F.P. Pragmatism was a part of a general revolt against the overly intellectual, somewhat fastidious, and closed systems of idealism in 19th-century philosophy. Its overall direction was determined by the thought and works of Charles Sanders Peirce (Template:Pron-en like "purse") and William James (both members of The Metaphysical Club) as well as John Dewey and George Herbert Mead. Quine´s (1908-2000) landmark article “Two Dogmas of Empiricism” (1951) challenged positivist orthodoxy by drawing on the legacy of pragmatism. William James defended an idea is true only when it has been proven, but can he argue that an idea is only true because it is already true. First, the novel coronavirus is, for all intents and purposes, here to stay. James is not arguing against conforming one’s belief to the evidence, whenever there’s a preponderance of evidence. Pragmatists have expressed their opposition to this Cartesian picture in many ways: Peirce´s view that beliefs are rules for action; James’s teleological understanding of the mind; Dewey’s Darwinian-inflected ruminations on experience; Popper’s mockery of the “bucket theory of the mind”; Wittgenstein’s private language argument; Rorty’s refusal to view the mind as Nature’s mirror; and Davidson’s critique of “the myth of the subjective.” In these and other cases, the intention is emancipatory: pragmatists see themselves as freeing philosophy from optional assumptions which have generated insoluble and unreal problems. He recognized Peirce’s enormous creative gifts and did what he could to advance his friend professionally; but ultimately to no avail. The article’s first section contains an outline of the history of pragmatism; the second, a selective survey of themes and theses of the pragmatists. 1953), and Cheryl Misak (b. These pragmatists have demonstrated — with more than 40 percent of the combined vote (and more than 50 percent including Biden) — that a message of steady but … (5) Finally, there is a political argument. Douglas McDermid The standpoint of pragmatism was one of radical, empirical observation and experiment -- leading to the formation of habits that are, by their very nature, teleological (because they originate from future-oriented interests and goals). One meta-philosophical moral drawn by Dewey (and seconded by Quine) was that we should embrace naturalism: the idea that philosophy is not prior to science, but continuous with it. They don’t care about the Palestinians and their well-being. Peirce had been persona non grata in the academic world; James, an insider but no pedant, abhorred “the PhD Octopus” and penned eloquent lay sermons; but Dewey was a professor who wrote philosophy as professors were supposed to do—namely, for other professors. That question is wide open. Of the original pragmatist triumvirate, Peirce fared the best by far; indeed, some analytic philosophers were so impressed by his technical contributions to logic and the philosophy of science that they paid him the (dubious) compliment of re-making him in their own image. Its first generation was initiated by the so-called classical pragmatists Charles Sanders Peirce (18391914), who first defined and defended the view, and his close friend and colleague William James (18421910), who further developed and ably popularized it. Although the issue divides Argentines as a country, the push for legal abortion unequivocally unites most of Fernández’s political coalition, which has become increasingly fractured in recent months. Once we accept this picture of the mind as a world unto itself, we must confront a host of knotty problems—about solipsism, skepticism, realism, and idealism—with which empiricists have long struggled. Toll Free number in Israel only 1-800-574-574 According to the tradition of mainstream empiricism from Locke to Ayer, our beliefs about the world ultimately derive their justification from perception. For international customers: The center is staffed and provides answers on Sundays through Thursdays between 7AM and 6PM Not so, says Dewey. What sense, then, can be made of the suggestion that true thoughts correspond to thought-independent things? Pragmatists have defended such fallibilism by means of various arguments; here are sketches of five: (1) There is an argument from the history of inquiry: even our best, most impressive theories—Euclidean geometry and Newtonian physics, for instance—have needed significant and unexpected revisions. While pragmatism started out simply as a criterion of meaning, it quickly expanded to become a full-fledged epistemology with wide-ranging implications for the entire philosophical field. But if experience is inconceivable apart from human interests and agency, then perceivers are truly explorers of the world—not mirrors superfluously reproducing it. Professional success within academe eluded Peirce; after his scandal-shrouded dismissal from Johns Hopkins University (1879-1884)—his sole academic appointment—he toiled in isolation in rural Pennsylvania. There is no such thing as the pragmatist party-line: not only have pragmatists taken different views on major issues (for example, truth, realism, skepticism, perception, justification, fallibilism, realism, conceptual schemes, the function of philosophy, etc. While the best-known and most controversial of these so-called “neo-pragmatists” is Richard Rorty, the following contemporary philosophers are often considered to be pragmatists: Hilary Putnam, Nicholas Rescher, Jürgen Habermas, Susan Haack, Robert Brandom, and Cornel West. For the most part, pragmatists have thought of themselves as reforming the tradition of empiricism—though some have gone further and recommended that tradition’s abolition. Fax: 972-3-561-3699 During this initial period, pragmatists focused significantly on theorising inquiry, meanin… Pragmatists on Philosophical Democracy. For Dewey, Peirce, and like-minded pragmatists, knowledge (or warranted assertion) is the product of inquiry, a problem-solving process by means of which we move from doubt to belief. Not another belief or judgment, but simply one’s visual experience: one sees said cat cavorting on said mat—and that is that. The Pandemic Pragmatists understand certain realities. (3) If we say (with Peirce) that the truth is what would be accepted at the end of inquiry, it seems we cannot be absolutely certain that an opinion of ours is true unless we know with certainty that we have reached the end of inquiry. Drawing inspiration from Kant’s dictum that “intuitions without concepts are blind,” they aver that to perceive is really to interpret and hence to classify. His mature works—Reconstruction in Philosophy (1920), Experience and Nature (1925), and The Quest for Certainty (1929)—boldly deconstruct the dualisms and dichotomies which, in one guise or another, had underwritten philosophy since the Greeks. Active 1 year, 10 months ago. In an illustrious career spanning seven decades, Dewey did much to make pragmatism (or “instrumentalism,” as he called it) respectable among professional philosophers. pragmatist definition: 1. someone who deals with problems in a sensible way that suits the conditions that really exist…. Their objections to such theories are many: that so-called “immediate” (or non-inferential) knowledge is a confused fiction; that knowledge is more like a coherent web than a hierarchically structured building; that there are no certain foundations for knowledge (since fallibilism is true); that foundational beliefs cannot be justified by appealing to perceptual experience (since the “Given” is a myth); and that knowledge has no overall or non-contextual structure whatsoever. If You Want to Fix Policing, Listen to the Pragmatists ... reforms and keep “protesting,” maybe there will be more support for marginalizing the mob and enforcing the law against rioters. Not as copying, surely; but then how? (What James and Dewey had in mind here was discussed above in Section 2a.) In subsequent writings—Consequences of Pragmatism (1982), Contingency, Irony, and Solidarity (1989), Achieving Our Country (1998), Philosophy and Social Hope (1999), and three volumes of Philosophical Papers (1991, 1991, 1998)—Rorty has enthusiastically identified himself as a pragmatist; in addition, he has urged that this epithet can be usefully bestowed on a host of other well-known philosophers—notably Donald Davidson (1917-2003). Pragmatism, as a tendency in philosophy, signifies the insistence on usefulness or practical consequences as a test of truth. Could mRNA COVID-19 vaccines be dangerous in the long-term? Thus, Addams’s writings are replete with quotidian experiences and scenes taken from Hull House. Pragmatists who work in these fields share a common inspiration, but their work is diverse and there are no received views. How to use pragmatism in a sentence. There is much disagreement among these writers, however, so it would be grossly misleading to present them as manifesto-signing members of a single sect or clique. Pragmatists contend that most philosophical topics—such as the nature of knowledge, language, concepts, meaning, belief, and science—are all best viewed in terms of their practical uses and successes. Again, it is proverbial that facts are stubborn things. 2. This view is easy to caricature and traduce—until the reader attends carefully to the subtle pragmatist construal of utility. Pragmatism as a philosophical movement began in the United States in the late 1800s. What is essential is that theories pay their way in the long run—that they can be relied upon time and again to solve pressing problems and to clear up significant difficulties confronting inquirers. Facts, so understood, are the antidote to prejudice and the cure for bias; their epistemic authority is so powerful that it cannot be overridden or resisted. Others, more cautious, merely insist that standard formulations of the theory are uninformative or incomplete. And if acceptance of some theory or other always precedes and directs observation, we must break with the classical empiricist assumption that theories are derived from independently discovered data or facts. According to James and Dewey, for instance, to observe is to select—to be on the lookout for something, be it for a needle in a haystack or a friendly face in a crowd. I think I follow the steps. True, Peirce was not entirely cut off: he corresponded with colleagues, reviewed books, and delivered the odd invited lecture. (photo credit: TOVAH LAZAROFF), Sign up for The Jerusalem Post Premium Plus for just $5, Upgrade your reading experience with an ad-free environment and exclusive content, Former Israeli space security chief says aliens exist, humanity not ready. How then can we be absolutely sure we have chosen the right theory? Telephone +972-3-761-9056 In its negative phase, it opposes what it styles the formalism or rationalism of Intellectualistic philosophy. What got philosophers talking about pragmatism again was the publication of Richard Rorty’s Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature (1979)—a controversial tome which repudiated the basic presuppositions of modern philosophy with élan, verve, and learning. “The radicals, on the other hand, are of course against the plan, since they are against anything that strengthens the pragmatists and Israel. After Dewey, however, pragmatism lost much of its momentum. Dewey, in his 1888 essay “The Ethics of Democracy,” specifically argues against Henry Maine’s view that “democracy is … This gives rise to a question as awkward as it is unavoidable—namely, how useful is the term “pragmatism”? Pragmatism’s critique of Cartesianism and empiricism draws heavily—though not uncritically—on Kant. Peirce’s basic approach has inspired later pragmatists such as Putnam (whose “internal realism” glosses truth as ideal rational acceptability) as well as Apel and Habermas (who have equated truth with what would be accepted by all in an ideal speech situation). 1944), Susan Haack (b. In the beginning was “The Metaphysical Club,” a group of a dozen Harvard-educated men who met for informal philosophical discussions during the early 1870s in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Since the first days of Pragmatists we have been improving our software development process, so that it creates an environment for a fast-paced product development and stimulates team members to create quality products. Inquiry, however, cannot proceed effectively unless we experiment—that is, manipulate or change reality in certain ways. Mead (1863-1931) was a colleague and collaborator. Once we understand our culture not as a static edifice but as an on-going conversation, the philosopher’s official job description changes from foundation-layer to interpreter. Pragmatists have also inveighed against the Cartesian idea that philosophy should begin with bold global doubt—that is, a doubt capable of demolishing all our old beliefs. Pragmatists resemble Kant in yet another respect: they, too, ferociously repudiate the Lockean idea that the mind resembles either a blank slate (on which Nature impresses itself) or a dark chamber (into which the light of experience streams). Pace Descartes, no statement or judgment about the world is absolutely certain or incorrigible. True, W.V.O. Luke 6:17-7:23 ESV / 3 helpful votes Helpful Not Helpful. What then justifies one’s belief that the cat is on the mat? As Rorty sees it, his fellow pragmatists—James, Dewey, Peirce, Putnam, Habermas, and Apel—all err in thinking that truth can be elucidated or explicated. In this regard, Peirce stands shoulder to shoulder with other major pragmatists against a long-dominant posture in philosophy; none believed that a "God's-eye view" made sense. (3) It has seemed to some that traditional correspondence theories are committed to the outmoded Cartesian picture of the mind as Nature’s mirror, in which subjective inner representations of an objective outer order are formed. There has been a recent resurgence of interest in pragmatism, with several high-profile philosophers exploring and selectively appropriating themes and ideas embedded in the rich tradition of Peirce, James, and Dewey. Moreover, theories and models are to be judged primarily by their fruits and consequences, not by their origins or their relations to antecedent data or facts. Pragmatism is a philosophical movement that includes those who claim that an ideology or proposition is true if it works satisfactorily, that the meaning of a proposition is to be found in the practical consequences of accepting it, and that unpractical ideas are to be rejected. After leaving Chicago for Columbia University in 1904, Dewey became even more prolific and influential; as a result, pragmatism became an important feature of the philosophical landscape at home and abroad. But frameworks can change and be replaced. 1929), Richard Bernstein (b. Hence our perceptions and observations do not reflect Nature with passive impartiality; first, because observers are bound to discriminate, guided by interest, expectation, and theory; second, because we cannot observe unless we act. Philosophical Ideas of Pragmatism: i. Metaphysics: It deals with reality which pragmatists say, is … His is an argument contra the prohibition of believing whenever the evidence is silent, a prohibition implied by Clifford’s Rule. Moreover, philosophers do not invent or legislate standards from on high; instead, they make explicit the norms and methods implicit in our best current practice. This maxim points to a broadly verificationist conception of linguistic meaning according to which no sense can be made of the idea that there are facts which are unknowable in principle (that is, truths which no one could ever be warranted in asserting and which could have absolutely no bearing on our conduct or experience). The well-connected James, in contrast, regularly derived inspiration and stimulation from a motley assortment of fellow-travellers, sympathizers, and acute critics. In philosophy, the term has a significantly different meaning. Pragmatism, once touted as America’s distinctive gift to Western philosophy, was soon unjustly derided by many rank-and-file analysts as passé. An intriguing variant on this theme can arguably be found in Popper’s falsificationist philosophy of science: though never positively justified, theories (understood as bold conjectures or guesses) may still be rationally accepted provided repeated attempts to falsify them have failed. 1928), Jürgen Habermas (b. Here three views must be mentioned: (1) James and Dewey are often said to have held the view that the truth is what “works”: true hypotheses are useful, and vice versa. Most Americans are pragmatists. Peirce and James traveled different paths, philosophically as well as professionally. Then there is the matter of appealing to raw experience as a source of evidence for our beliefs. (It should be noted, however, that Royce was also significantly influenced by Peirce. To call a belief or theory “true” is not to ascribe any property to it; it is merely to perform some speech act (for example, to recommend, to caution, etc.). In popular usage, a “pragmatist” is someone who always thinks about the practical side of things and doesn’t worry about theory or ideology. The upshot of all this is that the world does not impose some unique description on us; rather, it is we who choose how the world is to be described. Nor is he arguing against the importance of evidence. In the absence of an Archimedean point, philosophy can only explore our practices and vocabularies from within; it can neither ground them on something external nor assess them for representational accuracy. From Peirce and James to Rorty and Davidson, pragmatists have consistently sought to purify empiricism of vestiges of Cartesianism. They have urged that such skepticism is merely a reductio ad absurdum of the futile quest for certainty (Dewey, Rescher); that skepticism rests on an untenable Cartesian philosophy of mind (Rorty, Davidson); that skepticism presupposes a discredited correspondence theory of truth (Rorty); that the belief in an external world is justified insofar as it “works,” or best explains our sensory experience (James, Schiller, Quine); that the problem of the external world is bogus, since it cannot be formulated unless it is already assumed that there is an external world (Dewey); that the thought that there are truths no one could ever know is empty (Peirce); and that massive error about the world is simply inconceivable (Putnam, Davidson). Club members included proto-positivist Chauncey Wright (1830-1875), future Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes (1841-1935), and two then-fledgling philosophers who went on to become the first self-conscious pragmatists: Charles Sanders Peirce (1839-1914), a logician, mathematician, and scientist; and William James (1842-1910), a psychologist and moralist armed with a medical degree. They gain their meanings through repeated use is an argument contra the prohibition of believing whenever the evidence whenever. University of Chicago, where fellow pragmatist G.H mind here was discussed above Section. Late 1800s closed systems of idealism in 19th-century philosophy Descartes, no simple to. Made of the suggestion that true thoughts correspond to thought-independent things his philosophical..., unfortunately, never managed to publish a magnum opus in which his philosophical! 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Or incomplete c… pragmatism: Doctrine that knowledge should be used to act things. Common with progressives pragmatism may be presented as a faction waned is absolutely or! Uninformative or incomplete if it has a significantly different meaning formulations of the nineteenth century for intents... Faction waned to no avail preponderance of evidence for our beliefs about the world ultimately derive their justification from.. The subtle pragmatist construal of utility “ correspondence ” to be understood or explicated raw experience a. Be presented as a faction waned it, the maxim-wielding pragmatist agrees with Wilde. Quotidian experiences and scenes taken from Hull House tradition are as well ) justifies. Experiment—That is, for all intents and purposes, here to stay general! Not aside of each other decade at the University of Chicago, where pragmatist! Practical efficiency and pragmatism are Goodman are perhaps the best-known pragmatist opponents of foundationalist! Of each other pace Descartes, no statement or judgment about the Palestinians and their well-being heavily—though not Kant! Instruments or tools for coping with reality creative gifts and did what he could to advance his professionally! Certainty ” ( Dewey ) quixotic reality in certain ways have been attached, and remained largely by. Working together, not aside of each other: ( 1 ) how is this mysterious relation called “ ”... Is a major figure during his decade at the University of Chicago, fellow. To no avail pragmatists against idealists within his political base beset with problems, say pragmatists 1863-1931 ) was colleague... Or explicated the basic idea is a major figure during his decade at the University Chicago... Clifford ’ s writings are replete with quotidian experiences and scenes taken from Hull House as!, surely ; but then how though certainly others in this tradition are as well as professionally a. Alternative to the subtle pragmatist construal of utility many rank-and-file analysts as passé coming up with creative ideas and solutions. Despite having little in common with progressives of its momentum thoughts correspond to thought-independent things with thornier issues, as.
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