Least threatened? The rebels swept through southern China Zengs cavalry then came in pursuit of us, and I was parted from the Young Lord. preston mn weather 10 day forecast. Taiping leaders may have reached out to Triad organizations, which had many cells in South China and among government troops. Taiping forces successfully repulsed an attempted imperial reprisal by the Green Standard Army against the Jintian uprising. Its goals were religious, nationalist, and political in nature; Hong sought the conversion of the Han people to the Taiping's syncretic version of Christianity, to overthrow the Qing dynasty, and a state transformation. [28] In 1843, Hong failed the imperial examinations for the fourth and final time. It was also dismissively referred to as the Red Sheep Rebellion () because "Hong-Yang" sounds like "Red Sheep" in Chinese. In the beginning of the rebellion, the large numbers of women serving in the Taiping army also distinguished it from other 19th-century armies. The Beijing Review (catalog record) is available in print format. Featuring diplomatic dispatches, letters, newspaper cuttings, political pamphlets, reports of court cases and other materials, this collection represents a constant exchange of information between London and the British embassies and consulates. This collection is sourced from collections at American and Canadian libraries including the Massachusetts Historical Society and the Peabody Essex Museum, Salem. He started off the interrogation by cutting a piece out of Lis arm, and he might have inflicted his prisoner more harm had his men not managed to curb his zeal. From the age of 8 to 10 I was engaged in study, but at that period I was obliged to assist my father and mother in working for our daily sustenance. Credit Line: [Original Source citation], World Digital Library, More about Copyright and other Restrictions. Vol. For more than a decade, Taiping armies occupied and fought across much of the mid and lower Yangtze valley, ultimately devolving into total civil war. Your email address will not be published. The peasants, having suffered floods and famines in the [9] The war was characterized by extreme brutality on both sides. WebTaiping Rebellion, (185064) Large-scale rebellion against the Qing dynasty and the presence of foreigners in China. The Taiping government maintained an ambivalent relationship with the Western powers who were active in China during this period. New York: W. W. Norton, 1973. p. 40, Pelissier, Roger. It was the largest war in China since the MingQing transition, involving most of Central and Southern China. [34] Roberts refused to baptize him and later stated that Hong's followers were "bent on making their burlesque religious pretensions serve their political purpose". 7-8). CHINA. and his band of believers had been chosen to conquer China, destroy the He not only refrained from taking any active part in the government but he did not even engage anyone to look after matters, hence each man carried on his own work, and things went on the same as usual . Contemporary accounts describe the amount of desolation which befell rural areas as a result of the conflict. The rebels were buying weapons by 1853. Original resource extent: 1 volume. life and offered an end to their suffering. Los Angeles Times Historical Newspaper (1881-1996), Claire and Don Egge Collection on China, 1987-1999. Hong Xiuquan declared that God would defend Nanjing, but in June 1864, with Qing forces approaching, he died of food poisoning as a consequence of eating wild vegetables when the city ran low on food supplies. [102], The Taiping example of insurgent organization and its mix of Christianity and radical social equality influenced Sun Yat-sen and other future revolutionaries. [69] According to modern researchers,[70] the Dungan rebellion began in 1862, not as a planned uprising but as a coalescence of many local brawls and riots which were triggered by trivial causes, among these causes were false rumors that the Hui Muslims were aiding the Taiping rebels. (LogOut/ The Causes of the Taiping Rebellion. Thank you for your support! (Harley Farnsworth MacNair: Modern Chinese History Selected Readings. Library of Congress Subject Headings are quite useful for discovering primary sources, particularly scholarly editions of the documents or literature you are seeking. It was not until I had attained the age of 26 that I heard of Hong Xiuquan projecting a new doctrine. It was not until August 1871 that the last Taiping army led by Shi Dakai's commander, Li Fuzhong (), was completely wiped out by government forces in the border region of Hunan, Guizhou and Guangxi.[56]. [7] The Taipings established the Heavenly Kingdom as an oppositional state based in Tianjing and gained control of a significant part of southern China, eventually expanding to command a population base of nearly 30 million people. Searchable full-text from ProQuest, with keyword searching and date limiting. The prestige of the Manchu rulers was gone. In the 7th and 8th months of the 13th year, when I had money and rice, I was able to contribute to their relief, and at that time had a list of seventy or eighty thousand poor people to whom were distributed 20 dollars and (or) two piculs of rice , In the 12th month of the last year (Jan. 1864) I was obliged to discontinue the distributions, as I was in distress myself and had neither funds nor rice. ,Hyxb P#(uP{P)X=yz9P0`e@rB`VflBi!I4+ 5*'q7"-9_`ik;S,qJBy&qrh&g*7'IDrl7?\A:AR]k U./Qi. Over the course of the conflict, around 90% of recruits to the Taiping side would be killed or defect.[83]. 1850 marked the beginning of a civil war in China unmatched in terms of death and destruction by any other internal conflict in history. The elder and second brother were employed in the agricultural pursuits, whilst Hong Xiuquan was given to study, and while at school, formed an intimate acquaintance with Feng Yunshan, who was of the same turn of mind as himself. Other ideas were Western in origin. The conflict arose between the ruling Qing Dynasty and a fanatical group called the Taiping [97] This resulted in a massive civilian flight and death toll with some 600 towns destroyed[98] and other bloody policies resulting. of one man, Hong Xiuquan (pronounced shiou-chuan), from the south of His theology, anti-Qing sentiments, and a deep pool of the socially discontented would lead to the Taiping Rebellion, a devastating blow to Qing power and the deadliest war of the 19th century. For guidance about compiling full citations consult Citing Primary Sources. [19] The government, commanded by ethnic Manchus, had become increasingly corrupt. Also included are books and pamphlets on Chinese education, culture, politics, economics, and business, maps, and similar material collected by an American couple living and teaching for four years in China. [library subscription] It was sparked by the leadership Occasionally, the Nian rebels collaborated with Taiping forces, for instance, they collaborated during the Northern Expedition. The nineteenth century saw an enormous increase in the number of These were fatal omens and indication of coming destruction When General Zeng [Guoquan, brother of Zeng Guofans] drew his lines closer round the city, a severe mandate was issued by the Tianwang to the effect that any one holding treacherous correspondence with the enemy, and any one failing to report the fact should be . This collection contains formerly restricted British Foreign Office files dealing with China, Hong Kong and Taiwan between 1919 and 1980. The Hunanese gentry, based on their experience with the Taiping, were more guarded against the influence of Westerners than other provinces. The Qing dynasty remained in power, but it was as weak as ever. Historians debate whether these developments foreshadowed the Warlord Era, the loss of central control after the establishment of Republic of China in 1912. 1861 to 1861, - The camps that we passed were found to be in the most formidable array, and all of them defended by high parapets and deep fosses . After the failure of the Red Turban Rebellion (18541856) to capture Guangzhou, their soldiers retreated north into Jiangxi and joined forces with Shi Dakai. The Taiping Civil War was to cast out the demons of the earth and to bring peace and unity to the people under Hong Xiuquan, the Younger Brother of Jesus. Cite This Item. The 1800s There was also a small Taiping Navy, composed of captured boats, that operated along the Yangtze and its tributaries. [63] Remnant forces of the Small Swords Society uprising in Shanghai regrouped with the Taiping army. [5], Many Western historians refer to the conflict in general as the "Taiping Rebellion". [57]) This resulted in the protracted series of conflicts being misnamed the Haw wars. In 1859, Hong Rengan, Hong Xiuquan's cousin, joined the Taiping forces in Nanjing and was given considerable power by Hong. Title devised, in English, by Library staff. Dingling was destroyed during a Qing campaign in 1868. In the deposition Li Xiucheng is commonly referred to by his official title Zhongwang (, Loyal King), while Hong Xiuquan is called Tianwang (Heavenly King). He was the originator of the project for setting up a government, and was the prime mover in the affair. The chief author of this work was He Chunfa, minister of the bureau of punishments in the court of Gan Wang (Shield King), a title bestowed by Hong Xiuquan (1813--64), the Taiping leader, to Hong Rengan (1822--64), one of his cousins. Characteristics: Leaders, Beliefs, Followers, Events, Response, uprisings and they posed a serious challenge to a state weakened Rebellion in Qing-era China from 1850 to 1864. They encouraged the people to cast off the devils garb and become human.(Taiping Rebellion vol.2 pg.367) This action showed loyalty to the Taiping nation and brought increasing power to their movement. When reading the primary source I was expecting to find something closer to Spences point of view. Quoted in Purcell, Victor. With no reliable census at the time, estimates of the death toll of the Taiping Rebellion are speculative. [106] The Xiang Army used scorched earth tactics, refusing to take prisoners; Anhui, Southern Jiangsu, Northern Zhejiang and Northern Jiangxi were severely depopulated and had to be repopulated with migrants from Henan. In the province of Hunan one Qing loyalist who observed the genocidal massacres which the Taiping forces committed against the Manchus wrote that the "pitiful Manchus", the Manchu men, women and children were executed by the Taiping forces. Robert Elegant's 1983 Mandarin depicts the time from the point of view of a Jewish family living in Shanghai. The organisation of the Qing Imperial Army was thus: The Taiping Rebellion was a total war. [13] The Qing referred to the Taiping as Yue Bandits ( or ) in official sources, a reference to their origins in the southeastern province of Guangdong. Led by Hong Xiuquan, the self-proclaimed brother of Jesus Christ, the For additional information and contact information for many of the partner organizations, see this archived capture of the World Digital Library site from 2021. The scholar Jian Youwen is among those who refer to the rebellion as the "Taiping Revolutionary Movement" on the grounds that it worked towards a complete change in the political and social system, rather than working towards the replacement of one dynasty with another. [89] After capturing Nanjing, Taiping forces killed about 40,000 Manchu civilians. Franz Michael and Chung-li Chang introduce this publication as the rules and regulations of the Taiping kingdom. The following Library of Congress subheadings usually are added to indicate that the material is a primary source: sources, personal narratives, correspondence, The maps of Fujian in the book are Huang Qing di li tu (Geographical maps of the Qing Empire) was compiled by Dong Youcheng (1791-1823), courtesy name Fangli, a native of Yanghu (part of present-day Changzhou), Jiangsu, a Qing mathematician. Da Qing wan nian yi tong di li yuan tu (Complete geographical map of the great Qing dynasty) is a map of China during the Qing dynasty. [citation needed] They typically wore a uniform of red jackets with blue trousers, and grew their hair long so in China they were nicknamed "long hair". Ying Jie Gui Zhen. HIST 268: War and Military Culture in China (HC): Primary Sources: Texts and Images Primary Sources Primary sources can take many different forms. [27] In later embellishments, Hong would declare that he also saw Confucius being punished by his celestial father for leading the people astray. The Taiping Civil War was to cast out the demons of the earth and to bring peace and unity to the people under Hong Xiuquan, the Younger Brother of Jesus. The Beiwang was engaged in public business, and was generally acquainted with, The Character of the Heavenly King in the Last Years of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, Under cover of the night we made a sortie from the city and attacked Zengs position, but without success. [72], The rebels announced social reforms, including strict separation of the sexes, abolition of foot binding, land socialisation, and "suppression" of private trade. At least 17 million people, or half of the populace, in the lower Yangzi died (Cao, 1998, Cao and Li, 2000). and was delirious for 30 days. They were commissioned by the Qianlong emperor of the Qing dynasty capture of the World Digital Library site. either pounded to pieces or flayed alive. The decree was that they should eat sweet dew in order to support themselves, upon which I asked How can they subsist on sweet dew? The Tianwang then said, Let them take of the things which the earth brings forth, this, it appears, was what he called sweet dew. In concert with others I then represented that such was not a fit article for food, upon which the Tianwang observed, Bring some here and after preparing it I will partake of some first. No one, however, complying with this he gathered herbs from his own palace garden and having made them up into a ball, he sent the ball outside with orders to the people to prepare their food in like manner. - General Zeng had excavated mines in such numbers of places from the East to the South gates, that it was impossible to guard every one of them. London: Ernest Benn, 1962. p. 168. Below are three excerpts from Lis deposition. WebTaiping Rebellion. He enjoyed above all others the confidence of Tianwang, and had the general management of affairs entrusted to him. The work proclaims the revolutionary thought of the Taipings. It lasted from 1850 to 1864, although following the fall of Tianjing (now Nanjing), the last rebel army was not wiped out until August 1871. Failure of a civil service exam led to one of the most important political events in Chinese history: the Taiping Rebellion. Xin kan chong ding chu xiang fu shi biao zhu pei du xiang shan huan dai Jiang ning bu zheng si shu fu ting zhou xian yu di quan tu. [10] They often referred to it as the Hong-Yang Rebellion (), referring to the two most prominent leaders. Original resource at: National Central Library. The Yiwang was a student of good family and was well up in both civil and military matters. tried to widen their popular support and forge alliances with European powers, but failed on both counts. The younger Hong was inexperienced and powerless, so the kingdom was quickly destroyed when Nanjing fell in July 1864 to the imperial armies after protracted street-by-street fighting. Power was, to a limited extent, decentralized, and ethnic Han Chinese officials were more widely employed in high positions than they had previously been. Retrieved from the Library of Congress,
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