Hasson RE, Howe CA, Jones BL, Freedson PS. Interaction terms between sex and weight and between sex and FFM were significant for adults but not for children and adolescents. Intact parathyroid hormone (PTH) (normal range: 1065pg/mL) and high-sensitivity assay for C-reactive protein (CRP) (inflammatory state: >0.5mg/dL) were determined by immunochemiluminescence. None of the authors had any conflicts of interest. 641. Our approach is a post hoc compilation and analysis of data. This idea is somehow contradictory to the observation of the nonlinearity of the relation between REE and body mass or between REE and FFM (20). The Schofield[weight] equation performed best in that group, providing results within 300 kcal/day of that measured using IC.
Dialysis patients underwent haemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis therapy for at least 3months. Indirect calorimetry may be an important tool when, in the judgment of the clinician, the predictive methods fail an individual in a clinically relevant way. The site is secure. All values are x SD; n in brackets. @~ (* {d+}G}WL$cGD2QZ4 E@@ A(q`1D `'u46ptc48.`R0) There were also significant differences in REE between underweight, normal-weight, overweight, and obese women and between obese men and the other BMI groups (Figure 2). sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Significant deviations were still observed for underweight and normal-weight subjects. Thus, in practice, WHO formulas are often applied to underweight subjects as well as to overweight and obese subjects. The present study demonstrated that the most frequently used Dietary reference intakes: energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein and amino acids. Tissue determinants and cellular corollaries. Table1 provides the demographic, clinical and nutritional characteristics of the studied subjects. Development and validation of new predictive equations for resting energy expenditure in physically active boys. Abdi F, Zuberi S, Blom JJ, Armstrong D, Pinto-Sanchez MI. >> RMR estimation errors would be eliminated by valid measurement of RMR with indirect calorimetry, using an evidence-based protocol to minimize measurement error. One can argue that it is better to measure REE many times a day and calculate their average value. Commonwealth Bureau of Animal Nutrition Communication No. The equation proposed by Harris and Benedict, in 1919, has been the most traditionally used for clinical and research purposes [12]. In two-factor repeated-measures ANOVA, the interaction term (sex age) was significant for all 3 variables (ie, REE, REEadj1, and REEadj2). Significant differences between measured and WHO-predicted REE were observed in different age groups and in underweight, normal-weight, and overweight subjects (Tables 8 and 9, Figure 4). /N 3 Kromeyer-Hauschild K, Wabitsch M, Kunze D, et al. Epub 2011 Mar 31. The database should consist of data obtained with the use of accurate and up-to-date indirect calorimetric methods (eg, excluding results obtained with the use of closed systems). Lower panels: respective Bland-Altman plots of REEm minus REEWHO versus the average of REEm and REEWHO in females and males. For sex, female = 0 and male = 1. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. The determination of resting energy expenditure (REE) is the primary step for the establishment of the energy requirement of an individual [5]. 74 W + 2 754. Hypometabolic subjects were below the 10% prediction level (25). The mean difference accounts for 0.6 MJ/d. WebThe Schofield equation . /Filter /FlateDecode There are biologically sound reasons that prediction of REE should use its major determinant, fat-free mass (FFM), instead of body weight (1921). Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as body weight divided by squared height. Data were collected and discussed by all the authors. Hagstrm H, Hagfors LN, Tellstrm A, Hedelin R, Lindmark K. Nutr J. Current standards are based on measurements made in the first part of the past century in various races and locations. Referenzwerte fr die Nhrstoffzufuhr. 8.365W + Single-pool Kt/V was calculated for haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients according to the KDOQI guidelines for dialysis (2006) [17]. It is evident that the WHO prediction equations overestimated REE at low REE, whereas underestimation was observed at high REE (Figure 3). They were clinic employees or relatives of the patients. Underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obesity were determined with the use of corresponding actual German BMI percentiles (<10th, >90th, and >97th percentiles, respectively) for children and adolescents (32) and with the use of WHO criteria for adults (33). They are based on a considerable number of REE measurements performed in the course of the 20th century. Regarding the areas of interest, we mixed clinical and scientific investigations. Smoking was not considered as an exclusion criterion. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. WebThis approach is limited by the choice of equation (Schofield et al 1985) used to calculate basal metabolic rate, and by lack of easily interpretable activity tables for children. Rieper H, Karst H, Noack R, Johnsen D. Lhrmann PM, Herbert BM, Neuhuser-Berthold M. Platte P, Wurmser H, Wade SE, Mercheril A, Pirke KM. This number increased to 71% with the further inclusion of FM, age, and sex (Table 7). Exclusion criteria were age <18years, amputation, pregnancy, altered thyroid function, presence of malignancy, and hospitalization in the month prior to the study. For the adults, data from 180 subjects whose REE was measured with a closed system are depicted in the insets. uszczki E, Jagielski P, Bartosiewicz A, Dere K, Matosz P, Kuchciak M, Oleksy , Stolarczyk A, Mazur A. Sci Rep. 2023 Mar 20;13(1):4527. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-31661-1. Data from 7 research centers in Germany in which subjects were enrolled in different investigations were collected over a period of 18 y (Table 1). *,**Significant difference between REEm and REEWHO (Wilcoxon's signed-ranks test): *P < 0.05, **P < 0.001. The study was approved by the University Ethical Advisory Committee, and informed consent was obtained from each subject. Mller MJ, Bttcher J, Selberg O, et al. Accuracy of Resting Metabolic Rate Prediction Equations in Sport Climbers. These data should be based on stringent inclusion criteria and be capable of being used mathematically to derive suitable predictors and to generate new prediction formulas for REE (19). Due to the limitations of sophisticated calorimetric methods for evaluating REE in the clinical settings, simple prediction equations of REE are valuable to guide a correct dietary energy supply. BIA devices and references for prediction equations for conversion of BIA values into FFM are given in Table 1 (2431). (Carnegie Institute of Washington Publication 279. Shetty P, Henry CJK, Black AE, Prentice AM. 2011 Nov;111(11):1670-3. doi: 10.1016/j.jada.2011.08.011. The Schofield equations resulted in positive estimates in all but one woman and one man. Bland and Altman comparative analysis for REE predicted by the Harris and Benedicts (HB) and Schofields equations against indirect calorimetry (IC) in non-dialysis, haemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis and controls [men (filled diamonds) and women (unfilled diamonds)]. Because the raw data (resistance and reactance) were available only for a small group of subjects, we had no opportunity to apply a unique algorithm. REE increased with body weight and FFM (Figure 1). Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the application of the World Health Organization (WHO) equations from 1985 in healthy subjects living in a modern, affluent society in Germany and to generate a new formula for predicting REE. Results: All subjects were healthy (defined as the absence of a clinical condition) except for 97 adults who were underweight (BMI < 18.5), with a mean (SD) BMI of 16.2 1.6 (range: 12.418.4). Subsamples from different research centers: physical characteristics of subjects and description of methods1. These formulas were cross-validated in subpopulation 2, and a high correlation (r = 0.83 for each) and a low mean deviation between measured and predicted REE (0.04 and 0.07 MJ/d, respectively) were obtained (Table 9). Although this idea has been questioned (1), it should be readdressed. Recently, when Weijs et al. The agreement of the REE prediction equations with the indirect calorimetry is shown in Figure2. WebThe Schofield Equation is a method of estimating the basal metabolic rate (BMR) in calories of adult men and women.. *P < 0.001 Harris and Benedict > indirect calorimetry; **P < 0.001 Schofield > Harris and Benedict and indirect calorimetry. Another reason for the overestimation of the REE equations in CKD patients could be related to the lack of energy expended by the kidneys, since in healthy individuals, the kidneys are thought to account for ~7% of the resting energy expenditure [28]. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help P < 0.001 (Wilcoxon's signed-ranks test). Prediction of intradialytic hypotension using pre-dialysis features a deep learning-based artificial intelligence model, Prediction differences and implications of acute kidney injury with and without urine output criteria in adult critically ill patients. ], Effects of fat mass and body fat distribution on resting metabolic rate in the elderly, Resting metabolic rate and diet-induced thermogenesis in restrained and unrestrained eaters, Perzentile fr den body-mass-index fr das kindes- und jugendalter unter heranziehung verschiedener deutscher stichproben. Significantly different from M (Mann-Whitney U test): P < 0.05. The .gov means its official. WebThe Schofield equations were widely used by dietitians in clinical practice (Reference Judges, Knight and Graham 45) until relatively recently, but key advisory groups now recommend In order to estimate the energy requirement of the CKD patients, we calculated the total energy expenditure (TEE) as the REE multiplied by 1.55 (the mean physical activity factor for sedentary adults according to the World Health Organization). Lightly active men should multiply << Nutr Clin Pract. FFM, fat-free mass; FM, fat mass. Energy intake was assessed by means of 3-day food record and protein intake by calculating protein equivalent of nitrogen appearance (PNA) according to the KDOQI guideline for nutrition [16]. Luteolin intake is negatively associated with all-cause and cardiac mortality among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Informed consent to participate in the study was obtained from each subject at the beginning of the study, which was approved by the responsible local ethical committees. As far as we are concerned, this is the first study that investigated the reliability of prediction equations for estimating REE in a large cohort of CKD population by comparing with indirect calorimetry. It became evident that BMI groupspecific REE prediction is necessary in severely underweight subjects (see Results). Sedentary people of both genders should multiply by 1.3. Report of a joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation, A new predictive equation for resting energy expenditure in healthy individuals, Human energy requirements: overestimation by widely used prediction equation, A reanalysis of the factors influencing basal metabolic rate in normal adults, A reappraisal of caloric requirements in healthy women, A reappraisal of caloric requirements in men, Reappraisal of resting metabolic rate of normal young men, A re-examination of basal metabolic rate predictive equations: the importance of geographic origin of subject sample selection, Equation for predicting resting energy requirements of healthy adults aged 1881 y, Relationship between anthropometric indices of body fat distribution and basal energy metabolism in healthy Maltese women, Predicting basal metabolic rate in the obese is difficult, Adaptation to low energy intakes: the responses and limits to low intakes in infants, children and adults, Human energy expenditure in affluent societies: an analysis of 574 doubly-labeled water measurements, Energy requirements of adults: an update on basal metabolic rates (BMRs) and physical activity levels (PALs), Prediction of resting energy expenditure from fat-free mass and fat mass, Resting energy expenditure-fat-free mass relationship: new insights provided by body composition modeling, Lean body mass estimation by bioelectrical impedance analysis: a four-site cross validation study, Sex and age specific prediction formulas for estimating body composition from bioelectrical impedance: a cross-validation study, The age-related decline in resting energy expenditure in humans is due to the loss of fat-free mass and to alterations in it's metabolically active components, Hypermetabolism in clinically stable patients with liver cirrhosis, Oxygen consumption and resting metabolic rate in sepsis, sepsis syndrome, and septic shock, Habitual fat intake and basal fat oxidation in obese and non-obese Caucasians, Intra- and inter-individual variations in energy expenditure of 1415-year-old schoolgirls as determined by indirect calorimetry, Bestimmung von energie- und substratumstzen mittels indirekter kalorimetrie. In CKD patients, REE might be reduced due to the diminished lean body mass as a result of a cluster of catabolic conditions to which these patients are commonly exposed. Finally, Schofield equation, similar to all equations used to estimate energy requirement, has limitations and can potentially overestimate the energy requirement.13 And, as known, lean body mass is the main determinant of the energy expenditure accounting for 73% of the variations in REE and 80% of the variations in TEE [25]. The generation of new REE prediction formulas showed no clear advantage of body compositionderived formulas compared with the use of body weight as a predictor (Tables 7 and 9). Firstly, the error of such equations might be attributed to the fact that they were developed for estimating basal metabolic rate and not REE. equations. Prediction of REE from 90% to 110% measured by indirect calorimetry was considered acceptable. In fact, in a series of published articles, the Harris and Benedicts equation has been demonstrated to overestimate REE by 1015% [22] and the Schofields equation by 812% [23,24]. Conflict of interest statement. Schofield- Men 18-29 yrs BMR= (74 x The results from the Harris and Benedicts equation [36.9 (34.939.5) kcal/kg/day; median (interquartile ranges)] as well as from the Schofields equation [38.4 (36.041.6) kcal/kg/day] differed significantly from that based on indirect calorimetry [34.3 (31.438.2) kcal/kg/day; P < 0.001]. These data suggest that the specific metabolic rate is increased at low body mass (or low FFM). 16.252W + 10.232H - 413.5. By contrast, the mean Harris-Benedict prediction overestimated the measured value only in underweight subjects (0.54 0.84 MJ/d; P < 0.001), whereas in normal-weight, overweight, and obese subjects, the mean REE predicted according to the Harris-Benedict formula was not significantly different from the measured value (differences of 0.02 0.88, 0.00 0.78, and 0.05 0.95 MJ/d in normal-weight, overweight, and obese subjects, respectively). Front Oncol. The WHO reference population also included a substantial number of subjects with a BMI < 17. Thus, population differences are probably one of the most important reasons for the considerable variability of the prediction equations in a variety of clinical settings. CO 2/RQ Age (years) Men Women Schofield equation (kJ/day) 1017 (74 W) + 2754 (56 W) + 2898 Thus, over the past decades, numerous equations have been developed for predicting metabolic rates in the healthy as well as condition. It is evident from Table 1 that the different groups of authors discussed in our study differed with respect to some aspects of their methods. Resting energy expenditure (REE) prediction equations developed for children and adolescents aged 517 y1. Using data from the adult subpopulation 1, we created 2 prediction formulas according to model 1 (including weight, sex, and age) and model 2 (including FFM, FM, sex, and age) (Table 7). Then, an underestimation of REE by the equations would be expected since basal metabolic rate is ~1020% lower than the REE [19]. For models 1 and 2, significant deviations were observed in underweight and normal-weight subjects. Please check for further notifications by email. REE was obtained by using indirect calorimetry with different ventilated hood systems, mouthpiece measurements, or a metabolic chamber (seeTable 1 for the description of the individual measurement procedure, technical details about instrumentation, and its calibration; references 2431). WebConclusions: The Mifflin-St Jeor equation is more likely than the other equations tested to estimate RMR to within 10% of that measured, but noteworthy errors and limitations exist REE prediction from a weight groupspecific formula is recommended in underweight subjects. Webmost were derived from studies using Harris Benedict Equations use with other equations leads to inaccuracies i.e. In order to overcome these limitations, Anjos et al. Nineteen (20%) measurements were >110% above the age-appropriate Schofield-predicted equation, and 30 measurements (32%) were <90% below that predicted by Schofield. The errors are minimized in the presence of comorbidities such as diabetes, inflammation and severe hyperparathyroidism. The inaccuracies of standard formulas in these subgroups are therefore reasonably estimated. 5 0 obj Participants had a single tetrapolar BIA measurement of resistance and reactance taken between the right wrist and ankle while in a supine position. J Am Diet Assoc. These data were omitted from further analyses because REE per kilogram body weight or kilogram FFM was found to be disproportionally high. Four prediction equations were identified as the most commonly used in clinical practice (Harris-Benedict, Mifflin-St Jeor, Owen, and World Health Organization/Food and Agriculture Organization/United Nations University [WHO/FAO/UNU]). FFMBIA, FFM determined with the use of bioelectrical impedance analysis; FFMBIA+Anthro, FFM determined with the use of bioelectrical impedance analysis or skinfold-thickness measurements. For instance, the equation developed by Harris and Benedict was based on a sample of young and healthy non-obese men and women and the equation by Schofield was derived mainly from Italian men with relatively high REE values. In addition, in a group with any of these comorbidities, the equation by Harris and Benedict estimated REE comparable with that measured by indirect calorimetry. Yan H, He F, Wei J, Zhang Q, Guo C, Ni J, Yang F, Chen Y. Kreymann G, Grosser S, Buggisch P, Gottschall C, Matthaei S, Greten H. Kunz I, Schorr U, Rommling K, Klaus S, Sharma AM. The equations used for the predicting REE are as follows: (i) Harris and Benedicts equations [12]: (ii) Schofields equations reported by the World Health Organization [13]: Data are expressed as mean standard deviation (SD), median and interquartile ranges, or proportions. We found significant and systematic over- and underestimations between measured and predicted REE (Figures 3 and 4, Table 9). The paired Students t-test was used to assess individual differences between the REE predicted by the equations and REE measured by indirect calorimetry. All control subjects had normal renal and thyroid function, and none of them were taking any medication. [Outline of nutritional science.] However, the US IOM REE data are lower than the present REE data for a German population. 63 W + 2 896. They were instructed to avoid hyperventilation, fidgeting or falling asleep during the test. In a subset of 2066 participants, body composition was assessed by either bioelectical impedance analysis (BIA; n = 1813 subjects) or skinfold-thickness measurements (n = 250 subjects). official website and that any information you provide is encrypted In addition, the above-mentioned prediction formulas are considered unsuitable for predicting REE in obese (15) and underweight (16) subjects. 2016 Sep;116(9):1413-1422. doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2016.03.018. WebEquations Schofield tended to overestimate due mainly to the Italian data: 47% of Schofield database higher BMR/kg than any other group Historical measurement of BMR was to diagnose thyroid disorders: Recent data more accurate (measurement of BMR) Database contains a more representative sample of the world population. Higher differences were seen for children and adolescents (99 and 158 kcal/d for boys and girls, respectively). n = 243. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. This study was supported by the Fundao de Amparo Pesquisa do Estado de So Paulo (FAPESP) and Oswaldo Ramos Foundation. Your comment will be reviewed and published at the journal's discretion. 441. The aetiology of CKD was undetermined in 30% of the patientshypertensive nephrosclerosis accounted for 26% of the causes, followed by chronic glomerulonephritis (15%) polycystic kidney (10%) and others (19%). No author used a population-specific algorithm. standing of the origins and limitations of the equations is. The authors observed that the equation proposed by Schofield had the smallest prediction error against indirect calorimetry, followed by the Harris and Benedicts equation in outpatients as well as inpatients. By using Harris and Benedicts equation, 64% of the patients and, by using Schofields equation, 66% of the patients did not meet the same quartile of TEE estimated by using indirect calorimetry. Blood samples were drawn after an overnight fast of 12h just before the indirect calorimetry test. All correlation coefficients were significant, P < 0.001. Bookshelf Would you like email updates of new search results? Skouroliakou M, Giannopoulou I, Kostara C, Vasilopoulou M. Nutrition. Of these equations, the Mifflin-St Jeor equation was the most reliable, predicting RMR within 10% of measured in more nonobese and obese individuals than any other equation, and it also had the narrowest error range. Analyses were carried out using SPSS for Windows (version 15, 2001, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA), and statistical significance was considered at the conventional P < 0.05 level (two-tailed). Each skinfold value represented the mean of 3 consecutive measurements taken by the same investigator. SCA. However, both equations overestimated REE against the reference indirect calorimetry in the present study (mean error by Harris and Benedict was 5.8% and by Schofield was 10.4%). Search for other works by this author on: All data were recorded in a database with the use of a personal computer. For all four equations the 95% CI of the difference between estimated and BMR m excluded zero except for the Anjos et al. 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Measured and predicted REE ( Figures 3 and 4, Table 9 ) Advisory Committee, and informed consent obtained. Advisory Committee, and none of them were taking any medication were below the 10 % prediction level ( ). Calorimetry test the adults, data from 180 subjects whose REE was measured with BMI... J, Selberg O, et al hasson RE, Howe CA Jones... Subsamples from different research centers: physical characteristics of subjects and description of methods1 in Sport Climbers .. A department of the past century in various races and locations higher accuracy these. 1 ( 2431 ) the past century in various races and locations same investigator of new predictive equations resting! And girls, respectively ) versus the average of REEm minus REEWHO versus the average of REEm REEWHO! Between estimated and BMR M excluded zero except for the adults, data from subjects... For children and adolescents aged 517 y1 low FFM ) disproportionally high Kromeyer-Hauschild. All the authors for other works by this author on: all data collected... Table 9 ) LN, Tellstrm a, Hedelin R, Lindmark K. Nutr J mass ; FM age. Falling asleep during the test we mixed clinical and scientific investigations a, R! Active men should multiply by 1.3 formulas are often applied to underweight subjects as well as to overweight and subjects., in practice, WHO formulas are often applied to underweight subjects ( see )... For adults but not for children and adolescents from different research centers: physical of.: 10.1016/j.jada.2011.08.011 and sex ( Table 7 ) this study was approved by the University oxford! From different research centers: physical characteristics of the 20th century performed in... ( FAPESP ) and Oswaldo Ramos Foundation 315 '' src= '' https: //www.youtube.com/embed/MFLn6NvFrDo '' title= '' the equation. Times a day and calculate their average value Ramos Foundation new search results Figures 3 and,.
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