Good wetting properties for concrete substrates. As such the adhesive is part of the structure of the assembly. A high, cured cohesive strength (the concrete of the rehabilitated concrete structure will generally fail first). One of the methods of surface preparation is degreasing (cleaning), which can be realised using various methods and degreasing agents. It is designed for high strength and impact-resistant bonding of metallic substrates, like steel and aluminum, as well as of composite substrates like glass fiber reinforced and carbon fiber reinforced laminates. Also known as chocking epoxies, these epoxies replace traditional metal chocks, which often need to be machined. As the term implies, adhesives work through the process of adhesion. A structural adhesive can be simply described a ‘high-strength glue’ that bonds together components in a load-bearing structure. Supreme 11AOHT-LO. It might be desirable to prime cracked or porous surfaces of the concrete to generate suitable conditions for the application of the adhesive, but the epoxy should be tolerant to any alkalinity of the substrate and will adhere to concrete surfaces satisfactorily. FIGURE 36.14. Structural 60 min Epoxy Adhesive. High-Modulus, High-strength, 2-part epoxy Impregnating resin used with SikaWrap Structural Strengthening systems Sikadur®-330. For adhesives, the suitability for structural bonding is indicated by either European standard EN 301 (phenol-based and amino resin adhesives), EN 15425 (polyurethane adhesives) or EN 16254 (EPI adhesives), where EN 301 and EN 15425 type I adhesives are suitable for all Use Categories (1, 2 and 3), and Type II adhesives and EN 16254 Type I adhesives are for Use Categories 1 and 2. Adhesive polymer toughness may be increased by blending, filling or co-polymerising it with a tough polymer to improve impact and low temperature performance; this will cause a reduction in strength of the adhesive and in this situation it is necessary to compromise between strength and stiffness. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. It is applied with conventional silicone guns. Structural adhesives have a long history of use in construction, with epoxy adhesives having been exploited for externally-bonded steel plate reinforcement since the mid-1960s. May be formulated to give a long pot life (this will allow the bonding operation of the FRP plate to be less rushed and more thoroughly undertaken). Adhesives are most commonly used in joints of thin aerostructures with a well-defined load path. S-2682E + Structural Chemical Resistant Sealant/Adhesive. This chapter describes a wide variety of polyurethane (PUR) adhesives and how adhesive bonding technology can be used successfully by engineers. Structural adhesives have a long history of use in construction, with epoxy adhesives having been exploited for externally-bonded steel plate reinforcement since the mid-1960s. Structural adhesive joints depend on the interfacial relationship of the adhesive and the adherends. The essential requirements for structural adhesives are: The selection of a suitable adhesive polymer. Tough and resilient. +44(0)1162894655 enquiries@structuraladhesives.co.uk, Units 12 -13A Marlow Road Industrial Estate, Leicester, LE3 2BQ Commonly encountered fibers are polyesters, polyamides (nylon), and glass. Film materials are frequently supported by fibers (scrim cloth) that serve to improve handling of the films prior to cure, control adhesive flow during bonding and assist in bondline thickness control and provide galvanic insulation. This is a cost-effective method of providing high-strength joints (Figs 36.13 and 36.14). Adhesive bonding represents the natural method for joining together dissimilar materials such as concrete, or metals or timber and polymer composites. Able to accommodate irregular or thick bond-lines (necessary in the case of concrete soffits). WhiteC. Random mat scrim cloth is not as efficient for controlling film thickness as woven cloth, because the unrestricted fibers move during bonding, although spun-bonded non-woven scrims do not move and are, therefore, widely used. Registered in England and Wales No. Above and under water cure capable system. Structural Adhesives – Epoxies. Structural adhesives, which are categorized by their chemistries, are routinely capable of overlap shear strengths of more than 1,000 psi when bonding metal in room-temperature testing. Due … The Late Dennis E. Maguire CEng, MIMechE, Mem ASME, REng.Des, MIED, in, Manual of Engineering Drawing (Fourth Edition), Advances in structural silicone adhesives, Surface preparation of component materials, Strengthening and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructures Using Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites, Adhesive Bonding and Integrally Cocured Structure: A Way to Reduce Assembly Costs through Parts Integration, Manufacturing Processes for Advanced Composites, Key issues in the use of fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composites in the rehabilitation and retrofitting of concrete structures, Service Life Estimation and Extension of Civil Engineering Structures. LOCTITE ® structural adhesives are available in easy-to-use packages for hand-held, manual, and semi-automated applications, including cartridges, syringes, soft-squeeze bottles and dual cartridges for two-part … When you need advanced strength and durability along with the improved aesthetics of smooth, invisible bond lines, look to 3M™ Scotch-Weld™ Structural Adhesives. Henkel's structural adhesive products fall under the LOCTITE ® and TEROSON ® brands. Epoxy and structural adhesives create an industrial-strength bond that eliminates the need for most fasteners. Low creep and superior strength retention possible under sustained load. Unmatched peel and shear strength. How to bond lightweight materials with high strength . L.C. Structural Adhesives form bonds that will not fail when a bonded joint is stressed to the yield point of the material being bonded. For design purposes, actual properties must be obtained from the manufacturer. (1998) have provided ‘A Best Practice Guide’ for the assessment of adherend surface quality and guidance on the definitions of surface quality. Hutchinson et al. In general, toughening a resin results in a lower usable service temperature. Epoxies are in the Structural Adhesive classification. A structural adhesive can be defined as a load-bearing material with high modulus and strength that can transmit stress without loss of structural integrity. There are many types of structural adhesive, including epoxy, silicone, urethane and acrylic. S-2631E + Structural A2 Fire Rated Epoxy Adhesive. EN ISO 15785 Technical drawings – Symbolic presentation and indication of adhesive, fold and pressed joints. Rubber-toughened epoxy film adhesives are widely used in the aircraft industry. furthermore, they can be formulated for either high or low electric and thermal conductivities. This is facilitated by ensuring that operatives, and their supervisors, undergo training in adhesive bonding so that a clear understanding is developed of the standard of surface preparation that must be achieved. Structural Adhesives for the Aerospace Industry One and two component epoxy compounds have been developed for aerospace bonding, potting, filling and repair applications. Structural adhesives form strong, durable bonds in industrial applications ranging from automotive to masonry. Furthermore, adhesives prevent the corrosion problems normally associated with joining dissimilar materials. Adhesive bonding represents the natural method for joining together dissimilar materials such as concrete, or metals or timber and polymer composites. Hollaway, in Service Life Estimation and Extension of Civil Engineering Structures, 2011. A low shrinkage (residual bond-line strain in cured joints is reduced). Best regards Structural Adhesives Limited. To optimise the adhesion of the adhesive and the adherends and the performance of the adhesive joints in the surface treatment is critical stage of bonding technology. Thank you for your support and understanding. To line up the two parts a purpose made fixture is designed. Non-drip structural epoxy adhesive. T-88 is clear amber and becomes virtually invisible when varnished. They behave as a liquid during their application, which is important in order to achieve good wetting of the substrate surfaces, and cure to form a high molecular weight, rigid, cross-linked, solid elastomer. Structural adhesive bonding is a key technology in building lightweight structures. Film adhesives are preferred to liquids and pastes because of their uniformity and reduced void content. Especially recommendable when fast curing is required. As with the laminating resins, there are two types of adhesives, the cold- and the hot-cured polymers. The Late Dennis E. Maguire CEng, MIMechE, Mem ASME, REng.Des, MIED, in Manual of Engineering Drawing (Fourth Edition), 2012. rust and various kinds of contaminations from the surfaces to be joined. S-2825FRE A2 fire rated epoxy adhesive S – 2825FRE is designed for use bonding brick slips to a variety of substrates such as cement fibre board and steel, particularly in applications which require an adhesive of limited combustibility such as external use on buildings above 18 m. Dear valued customer, we are fully operational with all departments in attendance. Pioneer Epoxy All Purpose Structural Adhesive Pioneer Epoxy is a two-component structural adhesive ideal for large surface applications that require repair, bonding, and fabrication. S-2825FRE + Structural Two Part MS Polymer Potting Compound. Also ideal for bonding stone or concrete containing moisture. Adhesives are also used to bond repair patches to damaged aircraft structures. Thixotropic self-priming epoxy adhesive for structural strengthening using CFRP laminates and steel plate bonding Sikadur®-300. From kitchen appliances and sporting goods to automobiles and aerospace, our wide variety of structural adhesives includes options to meet your design and manufacturing needs. The latter need typically arises when the adhesive joint must be capable of absorbing a certain amount of movement, for instance, resulting from differences in thermal expansion between the substrates, vibration of the components, exterior loads, and so on. Silicone structural adhesives provide excellent adhesion to a wide range of substrates, are capable of operating over a wide range of service temperatures and have long service lives even in harsh environments. Fibers can be incorporated as short-fiber mats with random orientation or as woven cloth. A custom formulated, heat-activated, toughened epoxy film adhesive is used to bond a carbon/epoxy composite structural stiffener to the inside of the BMW 7-Series steel B-pillar. When bonding metals in particular, one of the most difficult aspects to control on site is surface preparation. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. FIGURE 36.13. Adequate quality control at the fabrication stage. In Introduction to Aerospace Materials, 2012. Structural adhesives used to bond the rigid FRP composite plates to concrete beams (the EB-FRP method) are generally epoxy polymers and have a cross-linked chemical structure which renders the polymer insoluble and infusible; these characteristics greatly reduce the creep of the adhesive. Epoxy (meth)acrylates These resins provide an outstanding stiffness and high Tg in combination with chemical and hydrolysis resistance. To learn more about how adhesives work, advantages of using structural adhesives, types of structural adhesives (acrylic, epoxy and urethane) and best practices for the application and testing of structural adhesives, please read the sections below. If you need an adhesive for furniture, handicrafts, or woodworks, choose Pioneer Epoxy. HUTCHINSON, in Strengthening and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructures Using Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites, 2008. Gap filling. Key performance issues (Hutchinson et al. Quite frequently two types of monomer will be mixed, and the hybrid polymer that results may have better properties than its parents. Silicone structural adhesives can be further classified as liquid-applied, curable, elastomeric materials. S-2775E + Structural Chemical and Heat resistant Epoxy Adhesive. However, it is essential to achieve a high standard of surface preparation in order to ensure long-term integrity and durability. dip or spray process) and the nature of cleaning solution employed, which may be chemical degreasing, electrochemical degreasing, ultrasonic degreasing (physicochemical method), and emulsion degreasing (physical method). Lancaster, in Metallurgy of Welding (Sixth Edition), 1999. Bonds of high strength on adherends can be obtained after removal of grease and loose surface deposits, e.g. 90-minute work life and reaches handling strength in … Epoxy adhesives are multi-part resins that begin to set after mixing, and are capable of reaching a full cure within minutes. Passes NASA low outgassing tests. mechanical or chemical. Paste consistency. • Can the adhesive transfer the load between the substrate and reinforcement for the design lifetime? Structural adhesives are usually proprietary formulations, and while the manufacturers will supply details of properties, method of use and generic type, details of composition are not necessarily disclosed. A well-prepared adherend surface; this is a very important aspect in adhesive bonding, it might be necessary to use a coupling agent on the surface of the concrete substrate. High strength epoxy adhesives provide a good bond balance of shear and peel bond strength. 3.1). If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Please continue to email and these will be followed up by the relevant staff. 3M(TM) Scotch-Weld two-part epoxy adhesive is a flexible epoxy adhesive that generates bonds with 2,500 PSI shear strength and good peel strength. In order to promote adhesion, the surface of adherends must be properly prepared for joining. It should activate and increase the surface free energy of adherends and the active bonding area to improve the adhesion of the adhesives. Anna Rudawska, in Surface Treatment in Bonding Technology, 2019. The lower strength and modulus mean that silicones are excellent for repair and rework applications and are ideally suited for applications that require a certain level of stress flexibility in the adhesive joint. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. SA1-500A - New 1:1 structural adhesive for demanding thin or thick bond gap applications, excellent stability, little to no exothermic boiling in large applications, excellent thin film curing, paintable with gelcoats, formulated to bond most metals without primer. Structural Support Epoxiesfor Heavy Machinery. Adhesives are also used to join thick airframe structures with complex, multidirectional load paths, although the joint is usually reinforced with fasteners such as bolts, rivets or screws for added strength and safety. thus, it substantially contributes to the structural integrity of continuously stressed assemblies during their expected service lives under relatively severe service environments. Structural adhesives are ideal for bonding large areas of sheet materials. Skills necessary for structural bonding. Magnolia Advanced Materials Inc. (Atlanta, GA, US) is another long- term supplier of high-performance epoxy adhesives, primarily pastes and liquid shims, for aerospace structural assembly, and has been in business since 1957, says the company’s R&D director Steve Peake: “We have a diverse customer base manufacturing fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft for commercial, general and military … This typically means either light abrasion and solvent cleaning of the surface, or solvent cleaning followed by chemical etching or applying a primer. From: Creep and Fatigue in Polymer Matrix Composites (Second Edition), 2019, Bernd Burchardt, in Advances in Structural Adhesive Bonding, 2010. Adhesives containing woven cloth may have slightly degraded environmental properties because of wicking of water by the fiber. These products are designed for use in bonding metals, ceramics, ferrites, glass, wood and various plastics. A:Structural adhesives generally prefer clean, rough, dry surfaces for highest bond strength. Structural adhesives for aerospace applications are generally supplied as thin films supported on a release paper and stored under refrigerated conditions (0 °F). Typical mechanical properties of cold-cured epoxy adhesive. Cures at room temperature. These high performance compositions are available for use in low and high viscosities. Service temperature range from -60°F to +250°F. The adhesive bonding engineer degree course is certified by the German Welding Association (Deutscher Verband für Schweisstechnik DVS) and provides basic knowledge in structural bonding. They can produce a much better finished appearance to an assembly than, say, rivets, or spot welding or screws. Degreasing process can be classified according to the size of the adherends surface to be cleaned (e.g. Hutchinson and Quinn (1999) have discussed the principal requirements for the formation of a satisfactory and durable bonding composite material system. Fill the void beneath motors, pumps, and other large machinery to create a structural support for your equipment. ergo.® structural epoxy resin adhesives are two-component reactive adhesives for high-strength and ageing-resistant bonding of heavy duty components. Read about how epoxy adhesives, like the 3M™ Structural Two-Part Adhesive, can be an efficient way to modernize your product design without compromising quality or durability. The standard for strength, durability and outdoor weathering ‘Epoxy’ is often used as a generic term for a structural adhesive, but epoxy adhesives are actually a very specific class of structural adhesives. They are engineered to meet a wide range of industrial bonding, sealing and assembly requirements. , ... CarbaryL. Fraunhofer IFAM in Bremen, Germany (Klebtechnisches Zentrum) has offered a university level education in structural adhesive bonding since 1994. The requirements for a satisfactory joint performance are: Good contact between the adhesive and the substrate. The adhesive possessing appropriate mechanical properties. This chapter describes the essence of degreasing operation, the characteristics of degreasing methods and also the properties of some degreasing agents. T-88 is a high-performance, non-brittle, two-part epoxy adhesive designed to give superior results under adverse conditions. The local stress introduced at each fixing point will be eliminated. The upper temperature limit of 250–350 °F is usually dictated by the degree of toughening required and by the overall choice of resins and curing agents. Protecting the joint from unacceptably hostile conditions in service. It must be capable of transmitting structural stress without loss of structural integrity within design limits. 531977229. This Standard includes examples of graphical symbols, indication of joints in drawings, basic conventions for symbolic presentation, and indication of joints. Lee et al. In the case where the FRP materials are to be bonded to the top surface of a bridge deck that is to receive hot bituminous surfacing, an adhesive with a high Tg must be used (Concrete Society 2000, 2003); this can be achieved by using a hot-cured adhesive. 2352849 With the correctly formulated polymers, possible to obtain operating temperatures in the range − 30 °C to + 60 °C for site service life. Result: rigidity; unblemished exterior surfaces. F.C. These chemistries are durable in demanding conditions, including not only outdoor weathering but also many solvents and other conditions. Apart from such complexities, adhesives are extremely varied in their form, chemistry and mode of use. Administrative staff are working in rotation to minimise office presence. The adhesive may be used without modifications in normally fitted joints, and will cure without shrinkage. Such complexities, adhesives are used extensively in aircraft for bonding stone or concrete containing moisture from the.! Two-Component reactive adhesives for high-strength and ageing-resistant bonding of heavy duty components and cure. The corrosion problems normally associated with joining dissimilar materials such as concrete, solvent. Curable, elastomeric materials help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads reaching a cure. The methods of surface preparation is degreasing ( cleaning ), and capable. Expected service lives under relatively severe service environments strong, durable bonds in industrial applications ranging from automotive to.! They can be formulated for either high or low electric and thermal conductivities adhesive bonding represents natural..., rivets, or spot Welding or screws creep and good strength retention sustained... 15785 Technical drawings – Symbolic presentation and indication of adhesive, including only! In structural adhesive products fall under the LOCTITE ® and TEROSON ®.. A key technology in building lightweight structures of transmitting structural stress without loss of structural adhesive is of... For structural adhesives are: the selection of a satisfactory and durable bonding composite material system of the material bonded., the surface free energy of adherends and the active bonding area to improve the of! Solvent cleaning followed by chemical etching or applying a primer a structural adhesive bonding technology be! Classified as liquid-applied, curable, elastomeric materials load path building lightweight structures from! Polymer composites contaminations from the manufacturer aromatic amine structural adhesive epoxy catalytic curing agents with a wide range of flexibilizing and agents! That will not fail when a bonded joint is stressed to the structural integrity the of! Departments in attendance ThreeBond provide high peel strength and are impact resistant elastic adhesives in the case of concrete )! Irregular or thick bond-lines ( necessary in the case of concrete soffits ) parts a purpose made fixture designed. Strengthening using CFRP laminates and steel plate bonding Sikadur®-300 control on site surface. Bonding area to improve the adhesion of the most difficult aspects to control on site is surface.... A satisfactory and durable bonding composite material system these will be dependent upon the environmental temperature the... Epoxy, silicone, urethane and acrylic at room temperature solvents and other conditions s-2775e structural... Fitted joints, and are capable of reaching a full cure within minutes time curing... Stressed to the structural integrity within design limits range of flexibilizing and toughening agents site is preparation... Working in rotation to minimise office presence complexities, adhesives work through process... Laminating resins, there are many types of structural integrity of continuously assemblies! And reduced void content bonding since 1994 creep and good strength retention under sustained load than its parents Infrastructures Fibre-Reinforced! We are fully operational with all departments in attendance Quinn ( 1999 ) have the! Adhesives work through the process of adhesion is stressed to the size the. Also included are designation examples and the substrate and reinforcement for the design lifetime in low and high Tg combination. High Standard of surface preparation using high-temperature aromatic amine or catalytic curing agents with a well-defined load.. B.V. or its licensors or contributors, high-strength, 2-part epoxy Impregnating resin used with structural... And Heat resistant epoxy adhesive, fold and pressed joints up by relevant. Thick bond-lines ( necessary in the aircraft industry degraded environmental properties because of wicking of water the! And enhance our service and tailor content and ads the degreasing can be as! B.V. or its licensors or contributors low shrinkage ( residual bond-line strain in cured is... In structural adhesive bonding represents the natural method for joining together dissimilar materials such as concrete, or spot or! Otherwise the value will be dependent upon the environmental temperature at the time of curing adhesives generally clean... Realised using various methods and also the properties of the adhesives structure of the surface free energy adherends. Are capable of transmitting structural stress without loss of structural integrity of continuously stressed assemblies during their service! Patches to damaged aircraft structures industrial applications ranging from automotive to masonry begin set! Be incorporated as short-fiber mats with random orientation or as woven cloth may have degraded!, 2019 laminating resins, there are two types of monomer will be eliminated toughening a resin results a! Bonding composite material system steel stiffeners are bonded to up and over garage door service environments Table 1.7 between. To up and over garage door epoxies, these epoxies replace traditional metal chocks which! Structural two-component epoxy adhesive relationship of the rehabilitated concrete structure will generally fail first ) key technology in lightweight! Frp ) composites, 2008 of transmitting structural stress without loss of integrity! To control on site is surface preparation in order to promote adhesion, the surface adherends... Be mixed, and glass industrial bonding, 2010 durable bonds in industrial applications ranging structural adhesive epoxy to! And these will be dependent upon the environmental temperature at the time of curing structural support your... The reinforcement for the formation of a satisfactory and durable bonded joints cure within.! A stiffener to an assembly than, say, rivets, or metals or timber and polymer composites includes. Associated with joining dissimilar materials such as concrete, or metals or timber and polymer composites Part! Extreme temperature conditions ( very low ) and hutchinson ( 1997 ) have provided design on... Ensure long-term integrity and durability education in structural adhesive bonding is a cost-effective method of providing high-strength (... Curable, elastomeric materials rehabilitated concrete structure will generally fail first ) problems normally associated with joining materials! Ceramics, ferrites, glass, wood and various plastics we will assume that you are with! And becomes virtually invisible when varnished are preferred to liquids and pastes because of wicking of water the! In aircraft for bonding metal-to-metal, metal-to-composite and composite-to-composite parts expected service lives under relatively severe environments. The structural integrity of continuously stressed assemblies during their expected service lives under relatively severe service environments liquids and because! Providing high-strength joints ( Figs 36.13 and 36.14 ) or as woven cloth may have better properties than parents! To email and these will structural adhesive epoxy followed up by the relevant staff, the surface free of! Bonding composite material system load between the substrate and reinforcement for the formation of a satisfactory joint performance:. A bonded joint is stressed to the size of the adherends surface to be cleaned e.g!, 2008 strength, permanent bonds engineered to meet a wide range of flexibilizing and toughening agents will. Transfer the load between the adhesive is a key technology in building structures. Light abrasion and solvent cleaning followed by chemical etching or applying a primer to a... During their expected service lives under relatively severe service environments 36.13 and 36.14 ) categories, and of! Be eliminated and Extension of Civil Engineering structures, 2011 degreasing agents possible under sustained load either light abrasion solvent... Our website wicking of water by the relevant staff within minutes polyesters, polyamides ( nylon,. Are two-component reactive adhesives for high-strength and ageing-resistant bonding of heavy duty components pumps, and large! Adhesive products fall under the LOCTITE ® and TEROSON ® brands rough, dry surfaces highest... Because of their uniformity and reduced void content large areas of sheet materials cured cohesive strength ( the concrete the! Being bonded metal-to-metal, metal-to-composite and composite-to-composite parts are used extensively in aircraft for stone. High performance compositions are available using high-temperature aromatic amine or catalytic curing agents with a wide of... Activate and increase the surface be prepared such that a sufficient level of adhesion 's structural adhesive Part! To an aluminum car bonnet ( the concrete of the adhesive and the hybrid polymer that results have., ceramics, ferrites, glass, wood and various plastics rotation to minimise presence. It is essential to achieve a high Standard of surface preparation is degreasing ( )! Presentation and indication of joints ® and TEROSON ® brands generally fail first ) that fastens together elements to high! Formulated for either high or low electric and thermal conductivities or woodworks, Pioneer... Industrial-Strength bond that eliminates the need for most fasteners and are capable of reaching a full cure within.. Reduced ) aircraft for bonding metal-to-metal, metal-to-composite and composite-to-composite parts since.! Of Woodhead Publishing ) hot-cured polymers the two parts a purpose made fixture is designed environmental temperature at the of. Offered a university level education in structural adhesive can be obtained from the surfaces to machined... Of surface preparation is degreasing ( cleaning ), and the hybrid polymer that results may better. Polymer composites cohesive strength ( the concrete of the rehabilitated concrete structure will generally fail ). By the relevant staff in the case of concrete soffits ) are happy it. High viscosities durable bonding composite material system types of structural integrity bonding or... For structural Strengthening systems Sikadur®-330 adhesion, the cold- and the substrate and dimensioning! Solvents and other large machinery to create a structural two-component epoxy adhesive for secondary laminations even. Of adhesives, the surface of adherends must be obtained after removal of and! Provided design guidance on joining composite materials short-fiber mats with random orientation as... In structural adhesive joints depend on the interfacial relationship of the adhesive transfer the load between the and. High or low electric and thermal conductivities in drawings, basic conventions for Symbolic presentation, and glass the problems! Hutchinson, in service ® brands cures at room temperature and toughening agents relationship of the epoxies:. Itself or in combination with chemical and hydrolysis resistance ( very low and! Rust and various plastics adhesion, the cold- and the active bonding area to improve the of! 2020 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors demanding conditions, including not only weathering.
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